Assessing Awareness, Perception and Application of Artificial Intelligence Among Healthcare Professionals and Medical Students in Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Online Study

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare by improving diagnostic accuracy and clinical workflows; however, there remains a significant knowledge gap regarding AI awareness, perception, and practical application among healthcare professionals and medical students in Pakistan, which may hinder optimal adoption. Objective: This study aimed to assess the awareness, perception, and application of AI among healthcare professionals and medical students in Pakistan, identify perceived barriers to adoption, and inform educational and policy strategies for AI integration. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among healthcare professionals and medical and dental students (n = 384) from diverse institutions in Pakistan. Inclusion criteria comprised registered healthcare workers and currently enrolled students residing in Pakistan, while those unwilling to consent or not completing the survey were excluded. Data was collected using a validated, pretested self-administered questionnaire addressing AI awareness, perceptions, and application. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants familiar with and using AI; secondary outcomes included perceived barriers and support for AI curriculum integration. Ethical approval was obtained from the relevant institutional review board, and the study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in SPSS v25. Results: Half of the respondents reported prior AI exposure, with 20.8% rating their AI knowledge as excellent or good. A majority (86%) believed AI could improve diagnostic accuracy, while 36.5% expressed concern about job displacement. Only 52.1% had used AI-based tools, and key barriers included insufficient training (18.2%), infrastructural limitations (26%), and lack of awareness (20.8%). Most participants (57.3%) supported integrating AI training into the national curriculum. Conclusion: Moderate AI awareness and positive attitudes exist among Pakistani healthcare professionals and students, but substantial gaps in training and infrastructure remain. Addressing these barriers through targeted education and investment will be crucial for the effective and ethical integration of AI into clinical practice.