Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteoporosis Among Postmenopausal Women in Timergra Teaching Hospital, Dir Lower

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis is a major public health challenge among postmenopausal women, contributing significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden; yet, regional epidemiological data in Pakistan remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of osteoporosis and its association with demographic, nutritional, and lifestyle factors, specifically calcium and vitamin D supplementation, among postmenopausal women in Dir Lower, Pakistan. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 442 postmenopausal women aged 40–59 years recruited through random sampling. Inclusion criteria were postmenopausal status and residency in Dir Lower; exclusion criteria included chronic bone disorders or use of bone-affecting medications. Data were collected via structured interviews, and bone mineral density was assessed using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Ethical approval was obtained per the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was secured. Statistical analysis using SPSS version 24 included chi-square tests, logistic regression, and Pearson's correlation. Results: Osteoporosis prevalence was 19.8%. Women aged 50–59 years showed significantly higher osteoporosis rates (32.6%) compared to those aged 40–49 years (14.8%; p < 0.001). Lower educational attainment (p = 0.001) and unemployment (p = 0.002) were also associated with increased risk. Calcium supplementation during the study period was linked to the highest osteoporosis prevalence (56.8%), and vitamin D supplementation patterns showed significant associations (p < 0.001), suggesting reverse causality. Logistic regression confirmed age and calcium intake as significant independent predictors. Conclusion: Osteoporosis is a significant health concern among postmenopausal women in Dir Lower. Early screening, public education, and structured supplementation programs targeting calcium and vitamin D intake are crucial to reducing fracture risk and improving women's bone health outcomes.