Epidemiology of High-Risk Behaviors Associated with HIV and Their Impact on Sexual Health

Abstract

Background: HIV/AIDS remains a major public health challenge, particularly in South Asia where high-risk behaviors, stigma, and limited healthcare access contribute to rising infection rates. Rural districts like Swat, Pakistan, are underrepresented in epidemiological data, necessitating localized research to guide prevention efforts. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HIV-related high-risk behaviors—including unprotected sex, multiple partnerships, needle sharing, sex work, and substance use—and their association with demographic factors among adults in Swat district. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 80 participants recruited via convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria were adults aged ≥18 years residing in Swat; individuals who declined informed consent were excluded. Data were collected through structured questionnaires focusing on sexual behavior, substance use, and socio-demographic profiles. Ethical approval was obtained according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Data were analyzed using SPSS v27, employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to identify associations. Results: Among 80 participants, 20% reported unprotected sex, 17.5% sex without condoms, and 12.5% multiple sexual partners. Sharing needles (5%), sex work (10%), and drug abuse (3.8%) were also notable. Higher HIV-risk behavior was significantly associated with lower education and early marriage. Conclusion: High-risk behaviors contributing to HIV transmission remain prevalent in Swat. Targeted educational campaigns, harm reduction programs, and culturally sensitive interventions are urgently needed to mitigate the risk and protect vulnerable populations.