Comparative Study on Body Physique, Physical Activity, and Higher Cognitive Function of Urban and Rural Students at Universities of Lahore

Abstract

Background: Rural–urban differences in lifestyle, nutritional patterns, and environmental exposures may influence body physique, physical activity, and higher cognitive function in young adults, yet evidence among university populations in Pakistan remains limited. Objective: To compare body physique, physical activity levels, and higher cognitive function between urban- and rural-background university students in Lahore. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 students (76 urban, 76 rural) aged 18–25 years. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standardized protocols, physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and higher cognitive function was evaluated using the Cognition Self-Assessment Rating Scale (CSARS). Independent t-tests and chi-square analyses were used with effect sizes and p-values reported. Results: BMI distribution differed significantly between groups (p=0.018), with urban students showing higher underweight prevalence (38.16%) and rural students showing higher overweight prevalence (23.68%). No significant differences were observed in chest, hip, or shoulder measurements (all p>0.28). Physical activity patterns showed non-significant trends toward higher moderate and vigorous activity in rural students (p=0.327). Cognitive function categories did not differ significantly (p=0.141), although severe impairment was present only in urban students. Conclusion: Rural–urban background is associated with significant differences in BMI but not in physical activity or cognitive function. These findings highlight the need for targeted health-promotion strategies in university settings.