Comparing the Efficacy of Robot-Assisted Therapy vs Traditional Physical Therapy for Motor Skill Acquisition in Cerebral Palsy

Abstract

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired movement and posture due to early brain damage, leading to substantial motor disability and dependence in daily activities. While traditional physical therapy (PT) has long been the standard for rehabilitation, robot-assisted therapy (RAT) has emerged as a promising approach offering repetitive, precisely controlled movements that may enhance motor learning and neuroplasticity. However, comparative evidence on their relative efficacy remains limited. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of RAT versus traditional PT in improving gross motor function, functional independence, and reducing spasticity in children with CP. Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted with 60 children aged 4–12 years diagnosed with CP, allocated equally to RAT or PT groups. Interventions were administered three times weekly over eight weeks. Primary outcomes were changes in Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) scores; secondary outcome was spasticity reduction measured by the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Statistical analysis included independent and paired t-tests, ANCOVA for baseline adjustments, effect sizes, and confidence intervals. Results: Both groups improved significantly across outcomes (all p<0.001), but the RAT group achieved greater improvements in GMFM (mean Δ12.5 vs Δ7.8; p=0.021; Cohen’s d=0.84), PEDI (mean Δ14.2 vs Δ9.5; p=0.038; d=0.76), and spasticity reduction (mean Δ–2.1 vs –1.3; p=0.009; d=0.65). No adverse events were reported. Conclusion: RAT demonstrated superior short-term efficacy over traditional PT in enhancing gross motor skills, functional independence, and reducing spasticity in children with CP, supporting its integration into pediatric rehabilitation programs.