The Impact of Physical Activity on Maternal and Fetal Well-being During Pregnancy

Abstract

Background: Physical activity during pregnancy has been increasingly recognized for its role in promoting maternal and fetal health, yet inconsistencies remain regarding optimal intensity and its effects on perinatal outcomes. Sedentary lifestyles during gestation are associated with elevated risks of gestational diabetes, excessive weight gain, and adverse fetal outcomes. Objective: To evaluate the impact of moderate-intensity physical activity on maternal health indicators and fetal well-being during pregnancy. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 100 pregnant women between 12 and 24 weeks of gestation recruited from antenatal clinics. Participants were divided into two groups: a physically active group (n=50) engaging in moderate aerobic activity for at least 30 minutes, five times per week, and a sedentary group (n=50) with no structured exercise. Maternal variables included gestational weight gain, incidence of gestational diabetes, and blood glucose levels. Fetal outcomes assessed were birth weight and incidence of preterm birth. Statistical analysis was performed using t-tests and chi-square tests, with adjustments for confounding factors. Results: The physically active group demonstrated significantly lower gestational weight gain (9.5 ± 3.2 kg vs. 13.2 ± 4.1 kg, p<0.001) and improved glycemic profiles (p=0.002). Birth weights were higher (3.4 ± 0.5 kg vs. 3.1 ± 0.6 kg, p=0.005), and preterm birth incidence was lower in the active group (4% vs. 12%). Conclusion: Moderate physical activity during pregnancy contributes to favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes, supporting its inclusion in routine prenatal care.