Association Between Clinically-Assessed Scapular Dyskinesia and Neck Disability and Functional Performance Among Gym-Goers: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Scapular dyskinesia is characterized by abnormal scapular movement and impaired neuromuscular control of the scapulothoracic joint. Altered scapular biomechanics can influence shoulder stability, pain perception, and cervical spine mechanics, potentially contributing to neck disability and reduced functional performance. Recreational gym-goers frequently perform repetitive upper-limb resistance exercises, which may increase mechanical stress on the scapular stabilizing musculature; however, limited evidence exists regarding the relationship between scapular dyskinesia, neck disability, and functional performance in this population. Objective: To determine the association between clinically assessed scapular dyskinesia, neck disability, pain intensity, and functional performance among gym-goers. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 187 gym-goers aged 18–35 years recruited from commercial gyms. Scapular dyskinesia was assessed using the Scapular Assistance Test (SAT). Pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), neck disability using the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and shoulder-related functional performance using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Associations between variables were analyzed using the chi-square test with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Positive SAT findings were observed in 118 participants (63.1%), indicating a high prevalence of scapular dyskinesia. Significant associations were found between SAT results and SPADI functional performance scores (p = 0.002), pain intensity (p < 0.001), and neck disability (p = 0.013). Participants with scapular dyskinesia demonstrated higher frequencies of severe pain and greater levels of functional disability compared with those without dyskinesia. Conclusion: Scapular dyskinesia was significantly associated with increased pain intensity, neck disability, and reduced shoulder-related functional performance among gym-goers. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating scapular mechanics in physically active individuals and support the integration of scapular stabilization strategies within rehabilitation and training programs.