Perceptions and Behavioral Patterns of Young Nursing Mothers Towards Exclusive Breastfeeding

Abstract

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and immune protection for infants, yet global and regional data show persistent gaps in adherence to recommended practices. In Pakistan, cultural norms, traditional liquid supplementation, and family influence frequently disrupt exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life. Objective: To determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers with infants aged 0–6 months in Gojra, Pakistan, and to examine maternal behaviours, perceptions, and supplementary feeding practices influencing breastfeeding exclusivity. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 200 nursing mothers recruited from four hospitals in Gojra. Data were collected using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, breastfeeding knowledge, feeding behaviours, introduction of liquids and supplementary foods, and involvement of caregivers. Descriptive statistics were computed using SPSS version 25. Exclusive breastfeeding was defined according to WHO criteria. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was reported by 48.0% of mothers, while 52.0% practiced non-exclusive feeding. Formula feeding (36.5%), fresh animal milk (20.0%), and early introduction of liquids (52.0%) were common. Expressed breast milk was frequently provided via feeding bottles (48.0%), and aunts and grandmothers played key roles in infant feeding during maternal absence. Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding prevalence in this semi-urban population remains below recommended levels, with traditional liquid supplementation and caregiver involvement contributing to early deviation from exclusivity