Literature Review on Medical and Surgical Management of Osteoporotic Spine Fractures

Abstract

Background: Osteoporotic spine fractures represent a major cause of pain, disability, and deformity in the elderly population, arising from decreased bone mineral density and structural fragility. These fractures impose a significant global health and economic burden, often leading to chronic morbidity and reduced quality of life. Recent developments in pharmacology, minimally invasive surgery, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation have transformed their management, emphasizing individualized and evidence-based approaches. Objective: This review aims to synthesize current evidence on medical, surgical, and technological strategies for managing osteoporotic spine fractures, highlighting integrated and patient-centered treatment models that optimize recovery and long-term outcomes. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases for studies published between 2018 and 2025. Eligible studies addressing pharmacologic therapies, surgical interventions, fixation techniques, rehabilitation, and emerging technologies were included. Data were extracted and thematically categorized to summarize advances in management and their clinical implications. Results: Pharmacologic agents such as bisphosphonates, denosumab, and teriparatide improve bone density and healing, while minimally invasive procedures like vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty provide rapid pain relief and stability. Multidisciplinary management involving endocrinologists, orthopedic surgeons, physiotherapists, and dietitians enhances functional recovery. Future prospects include AI-driven risk prediction, 3D-printed implants, and regenerative therapies. Conclusion: Optimal management of osteoporotic spine fractures requires a hybrid approach integrating medical, surgical, and rehabilitative strategies, supported by technological innovation to achieve durable and personalized outcomes.