Pattern and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Diabetic Patients in Age Group 40 to 65 Years

Abstract

Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness among diabetic individuals worldwide. Despite the global burden, limited local data exists on the prevalence and associated risk factors of DR in middle-aged diabetic populations in Pakistan, necessitating targeted epidemiological investigations to guide clinical strategies. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and patterns of diabetic retinopathy and to identify significant risk factors—particularly glycemic control—among diabetic patients aged 40 to 65 years attending eye centers in Lahore. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among diabetic patients (n = 384) recruited via random sampling from selected ophthalmology centers in Lahore, Pakistan, between February and July 2024. Eligible participants included males and females aged 40–65 years with confirmed diabetes, excluding pregnant women and those unwilling to consent. Data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaires and clinical assessments, including fundus examination, anthropometric measures, and blood glucose levels. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and obtained informed consent from all participants. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v27, applying chi-square tests and significance at p < 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of DR was 65.4%, with moderate non-proliferative DR being the most common (26.6%). Fasting and random glucose levels were significantly higher in DR patients (p < 0.001), while age, BMI, blood pressure, gender, smoking, family history, and physical activity were not significantly associated. Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy is highly prevalent among middle-aged diabetic individuals in Lahore, with poor glycemic control being the most significant modifiable risk factor. These findings underscore the urgent need for routine ocular screening and intensive blood glucose management in this population to prevent vision-threatening complications.