Development and Validation of the Nature Affinity Scale (NAS)

Abstract

Background: Nature connectedness has been shown to enhance psychological well-being, reduce stress, and foster pro-environmental behaviors. Despite growing global evidence, validated instruments to assess affinity with nature remain limited in South Asian contexts, where urbanization and lifestyle changes have reduced young adults’ exposure to natural environments. Developing a culturally relevant tool is essential to understand and strengthen human–nature relationships. Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate the Nature Affinity Scale (NAS) to measure the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions of nature connectedness among young adults in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed, with 750 participants recruited from universities and professional institutions. An initial 29-item pool was generated through literature review and expert consultation. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on 350 participants and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on 250 participants. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, and construct validity was evaluated through inter-factor correlations and model fit indices. Results: EFA revealed a three-factor structure—Pro-ecological Behavior, Personal Development, and Perspicacity—explaining 64.3% of variance. CFA confirmed the model with good fit indices (CFI = 0.930, TLI = 0.921, RMSEA = 0.057). Internal consistency was high (α = 0.92 overall). Strong inter-factor correlations (r = 0.72–0.77, p < 0.001) supported construct validity. Conclusion: The NAS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing nature affinity in young adults, offering utility for research, education, and interventions promoting ecological responsibility and mental well-being.