Obesity as Major Risk Factor for CVD: A Comparative Study of Different Age Groups

Abstract

Background: Obesity has emerged as a global health crisis and a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), contributing to over 17 million annual deaths worldwide. Excess adiposity, particularly central obesity, exacerbates hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. The interaction between obesity and age-related vascular changes further compounds CVD risk, yet few studies have systematically examined age-stratified effects in South Asian populations. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between obesity and CVD risk indicators across different age groups, assessing whether obesity amplifies age-related cardiovascular risk. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 270 adults (40% male, 60% female) in Karachi, Pakistan. Anthropometric measures, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), were collected alongside clinical indicators such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and history of cardiovascular events. Group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression were performed to assess associations, adjusting for lifestyle factors. Results: Obesity was significantly associated with elevated blood pressure (OR 6.9, 95% CI 3.3–14.2) and cholesterol (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.3–10.1). Risk increased with age, peaking in participants ≥60 years, where 67% had hypertension and 69% had hypercholesterolemia. Conclusion: Obesity markedly elevates CVD risk, particularly in older adults, underscoring the need for targeted prevention and risk stratification.