Nanoparticles Enhancing the Production of Key Phytochemicals: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Background: Phytochemicals possess critical therapeutic value but face limitations in yield and extraction efficiency. Objective: This narrative review aimed to evaluate the efficacy, mechanisms, and safety of nanoparticles (metallic, carbon-based, polymeric, and silica) in enhancing the production of commercially significant phytochemicals, focusing on yield improvement, bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted, synthesizing data from 30 peer-reviewed studies (2010–2024). Studies included were original articles and reviews on nanoparticle-mediated phytochemical enhancement, excluding non-English and irrelevant studies. Data collection involved electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science), with findings categorized by nanoparticle type, phytochemical targeted, mechanisms, and outcomes. Ethical approval was not applicable. Descriptive statistical approaches using narrative synthesis were employed for result interpretation. Results: Metallic nanoparticles (silver, gold) increased flavonoid and terpenoid production significantly (p<0.01); carbon-based nanoparticles improved artemisinin yield by approximately 25–30% (p<0.05). Polymeric nanoparticles enhanced paclitaxel and curcumin bioavailability markedly. Toxicity concerns were noted at high concentrations (>100 mg/L), restricting generalizability. Conclusion: Nanoparticles substantially enhance phytochemical production with significant clinical implications for pharmaceuticals. Further safety evaluations and standardized protocols are essential for practical healthcare applications.