The Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation in Improving Balance and Gait in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

Abstract

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disorder characterized by pain, functional limitations, and reduced balance and gait efficiency, particularly in older adults. These impairments elevate fall risk and compromise quality of life. While conventional physiotherapy provides symptomatic relief, it often neglects proprioceptive deficits. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is a therapeutic approach designed to enhance neuromuscular coordination, offering potential benefits in restoring functional mobility. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of PNF techniques compared to conventional physiotherapy in improving balance and gait performance in individuals with radiologically confirmed knee OA. Methods: A single-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 60 patients aged 40–70 years with Kellgren–Lawrence grade II–III knee OA. Participants were randomized into two groups: Group A received PNF-based interventions, and Group B underwent conventional physiotherapy. Both interventions were administered thrice weekly for 8 weeks. Primary outcomes included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG); pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results: Both groups demonstrated significant intra-group improvements (p<0.001). However, post-intervention comparisons revealed greater improvements in the PNF group for BBS (p<0.001), 10MWT (p<0.001), and TUG (p<0.001). No significant between-group difference was observed in VAS (p=0.394). Conclusion: PNF techniques are more effective than conventional physiotherapy in enhancing balance and gait performance in patients with knee OA, supporting their integration into clinical rehabilitation programs aimed at reducing fall risk and promoting functional independence.