Association Between Poor Oral Hygiene and Respiratory Infections in Elderly Populations: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study
Keywords:
Oral Hygiene, Respiratory Infections, Elderly, Periodontal Disease, Oral Health Index, Geriatric Dentistry, Pneumonia Prevention.Abstract
Background: Poor oral hygiene has been implicated as a significant risk factor for respiratory infections, particularly in elderly populations. Pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity may aspirate into the lower respiratory tract, exacerbating respiratory conditions. Objective: To investigate the association between oral health indicators and respiratory infections among elderly individuals in community and institutionalized settings. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 357 elderly participants (≥60 years). Data were collected using structured interviews and clinical examinations. Oral health indicators such as oral hygiene index (OHI), periodontal disease, dry mouth, and dental caries were assessed. Respiratory infections were identified through medical records. Multivariate logistic regression was performed using SPSS version 25 to determine predictors of respiratory infections. Results: Participants with respiratory infections (n=178) showed higher mean OHI scores (3.9 ± 1.2) compared to those without (2.8 ± 1.1; p < 0.001). The prevalence of periodontal disease was significantly higher in the infection group (81.5% vs. 53.6%; p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis identified poor OHI (OR: 2.41, CI: 1.72–3.38) and institutionalization (OR: 1.92, CI: 1.25–2.96) as key predictors (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Poor oral hygiene significantly increases the risk of respiratory infections in elderly populations. Routine oral health care should be integrated into geriatric care to mitigate these risks.
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