Sonographic Evaluation of Amniotic Fluid Index Among Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients
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Abstract
Background: Amniotic fluid index is an important sonographic marker for assessing fetal well-being and detecting abnormalities in amniotic fluid volume during pregnancy. Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy may alter amniotic fluid dynamics through maternal fetal metabolic changes and is commonly associated with increased risk of polyhydramnios Objective: To compare sonographic amniotic fluid index findings among diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women and assess the distribution of oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios across maternal age groups. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 80 pregnant women in the second and third trimesters at the Department of Radiology, Ch. M. Akram Teaching and Research Hospital, Lahore. Participants were categorized as diabetic or non-diabetic. Amniotic fluid index was assessed using the four-quadrant ultrasound technique. Oligohydramnios was defined as amniotic fluid index ≤5 cm, and polyhydramnios was defined as amniotic fluid index ≥24 cm. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, and chi-square testing was applied for categorical associations. Results: Of 80 participants, 57 (71.3%) were diabetic and 23 (28.8%) were non-diabetic. Most women were examined in the third trimester, 53 (66.3%). Polyhydramnios was present in 44 participants (55.0%), while oligohydramnios was present in 36 participants (45.0%). Maternal age group was not significantly associated with diabetic status (p=0.257), gestational trimester (p=0.906), oligohydramnios (p=0.884), or polyhydramnios (p=0.180). Conclusion: Sonographic assessment showed a high burden of amniotic fluid abnormalities, with polyhydramnios slightly more frequent than oligohydramnios. Routine AFI monitoring remains clinically valuable, particularly in pregnancies complicated by diabetes.
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