Comparison of Gingival Health Among Children of Different Age Groups in Slum Areas
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Abstract
Background: Gingival inflammation is a preventable oral health problem among children, particularly in underserved urban slum communities where access to dental care, oral hygiene resources, and caregiver awareness may be limited. Objective: To compare gingival health status among children of different age groups living in urban slum areas of Lahore, Pakistan, and to assess its association with selected oral hygiene practices. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 196 children aged 5–15 years who were examined during community dental outreach activities. Participants were categorized into three age groups: 5–7 years, 8–11 years, and 12–15 years. Gingival health was assessed clinically using the Gingival Index, and oral hygiene practices, including brushing frequency, parental supervision, and fluoridated toothpaste use, were recorded through a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, and chi-square tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Mean Gingival Index scores increased progressively with age, from 0.62 ± 0.23 in children aged 5–7 years to 0.89 ± 0.26 in those aged 8–11 years and 1.23 ± 0.29 in those aged 12–15 years (p < 0.001). Moderate-to-severe gingivitis was highest among children aged 12–15 years (46.9%). Twice-daily brushing, supervised brushing, and fluoridated toothpaste use were associated with lower Gingival Index scores. Conclusion: Gingival health was poorer among older children, particularly early adolescents, and was associated with oral hygiene practices. Age-targeted oral health education, supervised brushing, and community-based preventive programs are needed in underserved slum populations
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