Prevalence of Imbalance and Instability in the Geriatric Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Imbalance and postural instability contribute substantially to falls, disability, and loss of independence in older adults, yet region-specific functional prevalence data remain limited in developing settings. Objective: To determine the prevalence of balance-related functional dependence among older adults in Lahore, Pakistan, and to examine associations with age and gender. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from July to November 2020 among 383 adults aged ≥60 years recruited from community settings and old-age homes in Lahore using convenience sampling. Balance was assessed using the Berg Balance Scale administered by trained assessors, and functional mobility status was categorized as wheelchair-bound, walking with assistance, or independent. Descriptive statistics were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and chi-square tests with Cramer’s V were used to evaluate associations. Results: Of 383 participants, 28.2% were wheelchair-bound (95% CI: 23.9–32.9), 48.8% required walking assistance (95% CI: 43.9–53.8), and 23.0% were independent (95% CI: 19.0–27.4). Gender was not associated with functional status (χ²(2)=0.03, p=0.98; Cramer’s V=0.009). Age group was strongly associated with dependence (χ²(6)=54.9, p<0.001; Cramer’s V=0.27), with wheelchair dependence increasing to 56.6% in ages 75–84 and 100% in ages 85–94. Conclusion: Balance-related dependence is highly prevalent among older adults in Lahore and increases sharply after age 75, supporting systematic balance screening and early, targeted interventions to preserve independence and reduce fall risk.