Investigating the Interaction Between a Polyphenol-Rich Mediterranean Diet and Genetic Variants on Advanced Glycation End-Product (AGE) Level
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Abstract
Background: Polyphenol-rich dietary interventions may influence glycation-related and inflammatory biomarkers, but genetic modification of these responses remains uncertain. Objective: To assess biomarker responses to a polyphenol-rich Mediterranean diet and investigate modification by AGER rs2070600 and SOD2 rs4880. Methods: A 16-week randomized, parallel-group trial enrolled 84 adults aged 35–65 years with overweight or class I obesity in urban and industrial Punjab, Pakistan. Participants received dietary counseling and polyphenol-rich foods or a standard dietary control condition. Serum carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured at baseline and week 16. Analyses used repeated-measures ANOVA and general linear models incorporating time × dietary group × genotype interactions. Results: Seventy-eight participants completed follow-up: 40 intervention and 38 control. CML decreased by 74.3 ng/mL (23.8%) versus 6.4 ng/mL (2.1%), respectively. Intervention–control differences in mean changes were −67.9 ng/mL for CML, −1.04 mg/L for hs-CRP, and −1.27 pg/mL for IL-6; reported time × group p-values were <0.001. Genetic effect modification remained unresolved because genotype-stratified summaries were inconsistent with overall results. Conclusion: The intervention was associated with greater short-term biomarker reductions among completers. Clinical benefit and genotype-guided dietary utility were not established
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