Prevalence of Rotator Cuff and Scapular Muscle Weakness and Associated Shoulder Pain and Disability Among Cricket Academy Players
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Background: Repetitive overhead activity in cricket places substantial biomechanical and neuromuscular demands on the glenohumeral joint, rotator cuff, and scapular stabilizers. Deficits in these systems may coexist with shoulder pain and activity limitation, but their relationship has been insufficiently investigated among cricket academy players. Objective: To determine the prevalence of rotator cuff-related and serratus anterior weakness and examine their associations with shoulder pain and disability among male cricket academy players in Lahore. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study included 109 male players. Rotator cuff-related weakness was assessed using the Empty Can Test, serratus anterior/scapular dysfunction using the Wall Push-Up Test, and shoulder symptoms using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square tests, Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests, Cramer's V, and point-biserial correlations were used. Results: Rotator cuff-related weakness was present in 68 participants (62.4%) and serratus anterior weakness in 72 (66.1%). Rotator cuff-related weakness was associated with SPADI category, χ²(4)=15.08, exact p=0.005, Cramer's V=0.372. Serratus anterior weakness demonstrated a stronger association, χ²(4)=35.34, exact p<0.001, Cramer's V=0.569. Continuous SPADI scores were positively associated with rotator cuff-related weakness (r_pb=0.681, p<0.001) and serratus anterior weakness (r_pb=0.746, p<0.001). Conclusion: Clinically detected rotator cuff-related and serratus anterior weakness were common and associated with greater shoulder pain and disability. Serratus anterior weakness demonstrated the stronger relationship with symptom burden, although the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference
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