Green Electrochemical Fingerprinting of Neem-Derived Polyphenols for Early Oxidative Stress Biomarker Detection
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Abstract
Background: Electrochemical sensing may provide a comparatively rapid approach for evaluating redox-active compounds, but plant-extract-modified electrodes require careful analytical assessment before clinical use. Objective: To evaluate serum electrochemical responses generated by a neem-leaf-extract-modified electrode and examine their relationships with malondialdehyde and occupational exposure duration. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study included 85 adults aged 20–55 years living or working in an industrial region of Punjab. Serum was analysed using a three-electrode system comprising a neem-extract-modified glassy carbon working electrode, platinum counter electrode, and Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Cyclic and square-wave voltammetry were performed from −0.2 to +0.8 V. Peak currents provisionally assigned to uric acid and ascorbic acid were correlated with serum malondialdehyde measured using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. Results: The uric-acid-assigned signal occurred at 0.32 ± 0.04 V with a mean current of 14.82 ± 3.21 μA, while the ascorbic-acid-assigned signal occurred at 0.18 ± 0.03 V with a mean current of 8.45 ± 1.95 μA. The signals correlated positively (r = 0.742) and inversely (r = −0.615), respectively, with malondialdehyde (both p < 0.001). Significant exposure-group differences were observed for malondialdehyde and both peak currents. Conclusion: The modified electrode generated distinguishable serum responses associated with lipid peroxidation and exposure duration, but analyte identity and analytical performance require formal validation
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