Urdu Version of the Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale for Chronic Neck Pain: A Reliability and Validity Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Chronic neck pain is associated with persistent pain, functional limitation, reduced participation in daily activities, and impaired health-related quality of life. Reliable and culturally adapted patient-reported outcome measures are required for accurate assessment of neck-related disability in Urdu-speaking populations. Objective: To translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Urdu version of the Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale among patients with chronic neck pain. Methods: This psychometric validity and reliability study included 120 participants with chronic neck pain. The Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale was translated into Urdu using forward translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee review, and pre-final testing. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Test–retest and inter-rater reliability were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. Construct validity was examined through correlations with the Neck Disability Index, Neck Pain and Disability Scale, and SF-36. Results: The mean age of participants was 39.8 ± 10.2 years, and 56.7% were female. The Urdu CNFDS demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.92), test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93–0.97), and inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90–0.96). Strong positive correlations were observed with NDI (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and NPDS (r = 0.84, p < 0.001), while a strong negative correlation was found with SF-36 (r = −0.76, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The Urdu CNFDS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing neck pain-related functional disability among Urdu-speaking patients with chronic neck pain.
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
1. Fejer R, Kyvik KO, Hartvigsen J. The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(6):834-848.
2. Jordan A, Manniche C, Mosdal C, Hindsberger C. The Copenhagen Neck Functional Disability Scale: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21(8):520-527.
3. Vernon H, Mior S. The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1991;14(7):409-415.
4. Wheeler AH, Goolkasian P, Baird AC, Darden BV 2nd. Development of the Neck Pain and Disability Scale. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1999;24(13):1290-1294.
5. Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey: I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30(6):473-483.
6. Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(24):3186-3191.
7. Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, et al. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2010;63(7):737-745.
8. Terwee CB, Bot SDM, de Boer MR, van der Windt DAWM, Knol DL, Dekker J, et al. Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(1):34-42.
9. de Vet HCW, Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol DL. Measurement in medicine: a practical guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
10. Streiner DL, Norman GR, Cairney J. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
11. Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of clinical research: applications to practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; 2015.
12. Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155-163.
13. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistics notes: Cronbach’s alpha. BMJ. 1997;314(7080):572.
14. Souza AC, Alexandre NMC, Guirardello EB. Psychometric properties in instruments evaluation of reliability and validity. Epidemiol Serv Saude. 2017;26(3):649-659.
15. Côté P, Cassidy JD, Carroll LJ, Kristman V. The annual incidence and course of neck pain in the general population: a population-based cohort study. Pain. 2004;112(3):267-273.
16. Hoy DG, Protani M, De R, Buchbinder R. The epidemiology of neck pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24(6):783-792.
17. Guzman J, Hurwitz EL, Carroll LJ, Haldeman S, Côté P, Carragee EJ, et al. A new conceptual model of neck pain: linking onset, course, and care. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(4 Suppl):S14-S23.
18. Pool JJM, Ostelo RWJG, Hoving JL, Bouter LM, de Vet HCW. Minimal clinically important change of the Neck Disability Index and the Numerical Rating Scale for patients with neck pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(26):3047-3051.
19. MacDermid JC, Walton DM, Avery S, Blanchard A, Etruw E, McAlpine C, et al. Measurement properties of the Neck Disability Index: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(5):400-417.
20. Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality-of-life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(12):1417-1432.
21. Polit DF, Beck CT. The content validity index: are you sure you know what is being reported? Critique and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2006;29(5):489-497.