Effects of Cigarette Smoking and Vaping on Blood Glucose and Cardiopulmonary Endurance in Young Males, A Comparative Longitudinal Study Thesis
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Background: Cigarette smoking and vaping are common nicotine-delivery practices among young adults, but their comparative effects on metabolic and cardiopulmonary indicators remain insufficiently defined. Objective: To compare the effects of cigarette smoking and vaping on random blood glucose, cardiopulmonary endurance, and selected physiological parameters among young males. Methods: This comparative longitudinal study included 158 young males aged 18–30 years, with 79 participants in the cigarette-smoking group and 79 in the vaping group. Random blood glucose, estimated VO₂max, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, oxygen saturation, heart rate, recovery heart rate, and respiratory rate were assessed at baseline, immediately after exposure, at 1 month, and at 2 months. Between-group comparisons were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test, and longitudinal changes were assessed using repeated-measures and mixed ANOVA. Results: Baseline physiological variables were comparable between groups. Immediately after exposure, random blood glucose increased more in the vaping group than in the cigarette-smoking group (124.56 ± 15.91 mg/dL vs 118.08 ± 18.55 mg/dL). At 1 month, oxygen saturation was lower in the vaping group (88.82 ± 8.64%) than in the cigarette-smoking group (93.70 ± 6.88%), while respiratory rate was higher in the cigarette-smoking group (19.03 ± 2.21 breaths/min) than in the vaping group (17.01 ± 2.93 breaths/min). VO₂max showed modest longitudinal improvement in both groups. Conclusion: Vaping was associated with a stronger immediate glycemic response and transient oxygen-saturation reduction, whereas cigarette smoking showed a greater early respiratory-rate response. Both exposures produced measurable physiological changes, supporting the need for cautious counseling of young users.
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